龙凤盘(龙凤盘是什么意思)

定窑是中国传统制瓷工艺中的珍品，宋代六大窑系之一，它是继唐代的邢窑白瓷之后兴起的一大瓷窑体系。 主要产地在今河北省保定市曲阳县（原属今定州市）的涧磁村、野北村及东燕川村、西燕川村一带，因该地区唐宋时期属定州管辖，故名定窑。

定窑原为民窑，北宋中后期开始烧造宫廷用瓷。 创烧于唐，极盛于北宋及金，终于元，以产白瓷著称，兼烧黑釉、酱釉和绿釉瓷，文献分别称其为"黑定"、"紫定"和"绿定"。

定窑从邢窑而来，由于历史的变迁，定窑随着地域变化，新瓷土料的运用和制瓷工艺的进步。 卞向和认为：定窑最大的贡献就是在中国陶瓷发展的历史上闪烁过光芒，在中国陶瓷史和世界的陶瓷发展史上留下辉煌的一页。

定窑莲座执壶

定窑，是中国北方白瓷的中心，始于唐，为邢窑的后继者，在五代时期就已经发达。 以往文献多记载窑址在河北正定，1938年在河北省曲阳县涧瓷村发现古窑址。 近年又多次发掘调查，发现了最下层堆积着晚唐的破片；中层的是五代时就已大量生产；最上层为印花、画花的薄瓷片，是属于北宋中期以后，在政和、宣和年间。 这些薄瓷片，胎质坚致，釉泽莹润，花纹优美，确是很精进的品种；且有些是官窑性质的，如”尚食局、禁苑、奉华、官”等胎上刻字破片的发现，便可证明。 另在西燕山遗址发现粗瓷片的堆集，以及各地普遍发现的定窑瓷器及破片，又能证明定窑在北宋早期以后，也曾大量烧造民间使用的瓷器。 定窑以烧造白瓷为主，也烧颜色釉，如红定、紫定和黑定等。 根据《君友会-新民窑》记载，定窑，从北宋起，地位增高，各地仿制者颇多。 在定窑本身概念中，就孳乳出各种名称，单就白定一种，就有土定、粉定之分。 土定，有瓦胎和陶胎两种。 瓦胎为淡赤色的土质，陶胎为白土而略黄，质皆松，体较厚；袖色白色中闪黄或闪赤，容易剥落，或有大开片，是原始的及民用的定器。 粉定，是进步的及官用的定器，有陶胎和瓷胎，胎质致密而体薄，釉色纯白如牛乳者，或带淡赤色，釉中往往有刷纹，釉面凝聚，如有泪痕。

定窑器以其丰富多彩的纹样装饰而深受人们喜爱。 装饰技法以白釉印花、白釉刻花和白釉划花为主，还有白釉剔花和金彩描花，纹样秀丽典雅。 北宋早期定窑刻花、构图、纹样趋简，以重莲瓣纹为经典，装饰有浅浮雕之美。 北宋中晚期刻花装饰精美绝伦，独具一格。 装饰图案常用印花、划花和堆花手法，秀丽典雅。 印花图案，自然形态经巧妙变形，构成严谨；刻划花，较印花更活泼生动，别具一格。 这件瓷器正是唐代典型的定窑器，底部刻有重莲瓣纹，历经千年依旧品相如新，俗话说旧器如新就是宝，这件定窑无磕，无藏，可谓是千金易得，一宝难求的宝瓷，具有极高的收藏价值。

青花瓷（blue and white porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。 青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。 钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。 原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。 明代青花成为瓷器的主流。 清康熙时发展到了顶峰。 明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。

宣德青花缠枝葵纹龙凤盘

足底落款为大明宣德年制，圈足有氧化特征，年代感十足，双圈足形似玉璧，有礼天祈福之意。

明代宣德（公元1426—1435年，明宣宗朱瞻基年号）年间景德镇御窑厂烧造的青花瓷器，在中国陶瓷发展史上具有很重要的地位。 它以其古朴，典雅的造型，晶莹艳丽的釉色，多姿多彩的纹饰而闻名于世，与其他各朝的青花瓷器相比，其烧制技术达到了最高峰，成为我国瓷器名品之一，其成就被称颂为“开一代未有之奇”。 《景德镇陶录》评价宣德瓷器：“诸料悉精，青花最贵。 ”

非常难得一见青花缠枝葵纹龙凤盘，花开初秋之时，其色鹅黄，薄如霓裳，妍丽无匹，然芬芳易逝，有朝开暮谢之说，故惹得历代文人心生怜惜，百般痴爱，遍植屋庐之旁，以获观赏之美，中间龙凤纹象征美好的爱情，边缘做出的小缺口，十分形象，是一件观赏盘，故而品相完美。

可见釉厚之处出现了明显的锡斑现象，光线反射为漫反射光泽，这些特征无不体现它的年代身份。

“进口青料为高铁低锰，烧制出的青花，上面呈色浓艳，有黑色斑点，在黑色浓聚处闪烁如铅，俗称’锡光’或’铁锈斑’。 ”通俗来讲，苏麻离青料在高温下产生凝聚斑，凝聚斑又产生锡斑，可以说凝聚斑是锡斑的根。

可见青花蓝艳翠丽，颜色层次丰富，是政和下西洋，带回的进口苏麻离青料烧制，符合宣德青花的特征，青花画面颜色深浅不一，青花晕散明显，画面极其生动自然，不管从任何角度欣赏都是古韵十足，青花瓷是能最好表现泼墨山水画的瓷器，这是其它瓷器所做不到的，所以青花瓷最具中国风，最能体现中国山水画艺术的最好载体，china这个单词大家都知道是中国的意思，可是最早这个单词的意思就是瓷器，因为当时中国被称之为瓷器之国，可见我国瓷器的影响之大，已经成为对外的一张艺术名片了，而当时出口瓷最多的就是青花瓷，这件青花瓷开门见老，画工精美，综上所述是一件十分难得的馆藏级藏品，可谓是千金易得，一宝难求。

英文翻译：Ding kiln is one of the treasures of traditional Porcelain making in China. It is one of the six kiln systems in song Dynasty. It is a major porcelain kiln system that arose after xing kiln white porcelain in Tang Dynasty. The main producing area in today's Baoding City, Hebei Province, Quyang County (the original is now dingzhou City) jianchi village, Yebei village and east Yanchuan village, West Yanchuan village area, because the area during the Tang and Song dynasties is under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou, so the name of dingyao.

Ding kiln was originally a civilian kiln. In the middle and late Period of the Northern Song Dynasty, porcelain for the court began to be fired. It was created in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, and finally in the Yuan Dynasty. It was famous for producing white porcelain, and also burned black glaze, sauce glaze and green glaze porcelain, which were respectively called "black ding", "purple ding" and "green Ding" in literature.

Ding kiln came from Xing Kiln. Due to historical changes, ding kiln changed with the region, the application of new porcelain clay and the progress of porcelain making technology. Bian xianghe believed that dingyao's greatest contribution was to shine in the history of the development of Chinese ceramics, leaving a brilliant page in the history of Chinese ceramics and the development of ceramics in the world.

Fixed kiln rosette ewer

Ding Kiln, the center of white porcelain in northern China, began in the Tang Dynasty and was the successor of Xing Kiln, which was developed in the Five Dynasties. In 1938, the ancient kiln site was found in Jianci Village, Quyang County, Hebei Province. In recent years, many excavations and investigations have found fragments of the late Tang dynasty in the lowest layer; In the middle, the five generations were already mass-produced; The top layer is a thin piece of porcelain with printing and flower painting, which belongs to the period of Zhenghe and Xuanhe after the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. These thin tiles, with firm viaduct, glossy glaze and graceful patterns, are indeed a very advanced variety; And some are the nature of the imperial kiln, such as "Shang Food bureau, ban Yuan, Fenghua, guan" and other carved on the discovery of broken pieces, it can be proved. In addition, piles of coarse porcelain pieces were found in the Western Yanshan site, as well as porcelain and fragments of ding kiln widely found all over the country, which proves that ding kiln also fired a large number of porcelain for folk use after the early Northern Song Dynasty. Ding kiln mainly produces white porcelain, but also colored glazes, such as red ding, purple ding and black ding. According to "jun youhui - xinmin kiln" records, ding kiln, from the Northern Song Dynasty, the status of the increase, the imitation of many around. In the concept of ding kiln itself, there are various names of breeding milk, only a white, there are soil and powder. There are two kinds of clay and clay. Tile fetus is light red soil, pottery fetus is white soil and slightly yellow, loose quality, thicker body; The sleeve color is white, shining yellow or red, easy to peel off, or there are large open pieces, it is the original and civilian fixed device. Powder set, is a progressive and official set, with pottery and porcelain fetuses, dense and thin body, glaze color pure white as milk, or with light red, often brush lines in the glaze, glaze condensation, such as tears.

Fixed kiln ware is loved by people for its colorful pattern decoration. Decorative techniques are mainly white glaze printing, white glaze carving and white glaze drawing, as well as white glaze picking flowers and gold color tracing flowers, beautiful and elegant patterns. In the early northern Song Dynasty, the ding kiln was decorated with the beauty of bas-relief, with the pattern of heavy lotus petals as the classic. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the engraved decoration is exquisite and unique. Decorative patterns are often printed, scratched and piled flowers, beautiful and elegant. Printing pattern, natural form by clever deformation, constitute rigorous; Engraved flowers, more lively and vivid than printing, have a unique style. This porcelain is a typical fixed kiln ware of the Tang Dynasty, with heavy lotus petal pattern on the bottom. After thousands of years, it still looks like new. As the saying goes, if old ware is new, it is a treasure.

Blue and white porcelain, also known as blue and white porcelain, is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain. It is an under-glaze porcelain. Blue and white porcelain is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material. It is painted on the ceramic body and then covered with a layer of transparent glaze. It is fired by a high temperature reduction flame. Cobalt material is blue after firing, with strong coloring power, bright hair color, high firing rate, color stability. The original blue and white porcelain appeared in the Tang and Song dynasties, while the mature blue and white porcelain appeared in the Hutian kiln of Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. Blue and white porcelain became the mainstream in Ming Dynasty. It reached its peak during the Reign of Emperor Kangxi of qing Dynasty. The Ming and Qing dynasties, also created the blue and white colorful, peacock green glaze blue and white, bean green glaze blue and white, blue and white red color, yellow blue and white, brother glaze blue and white and other derivatives.

Xuande blue and white twining kwai pattern dragon and phoenix plate

Foot sign for the Ming Xuande year, the circle has oxidation characteristics, full sense of the age, double circle foot shape like yubi, polite day blessing.

The blue and white porcelain produced by jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory during the Xuande Period of Ming Dynasty (1426-1435 AD, the year of Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty) played a very important role in the development of Chinese ceramics. It is famous for its simple and elegant shape, glittering and translucent gorgeous glaze, colorful decoration, compared with other dynasties of blue and white porcelain, its firing technology reached the highest peak, become one of China's famous porcelain products, its achievement was praised as "the opening generation has not been strange". "Jingdezhen pottery record" evaluation xuande porcelain: "all materials know fine, blue and white most expensive."

Very rare blue tie up branch kwai grain longfeng, bloom early autumn, the color light yellow, thin like a house of gold horse, natural fragrance, a sunset north Korea opened trichet said, so pity to all previous dynasties scholars and repeat chi love, through the plant room adjacent to the company, to see the beauty of longfeng pattern symbol among beautiful love, edge to make the small gap, very image, is a dish, So the appearance is perfect.

Visible thick glaze appears obvious tin spot phenomenon, light reflection is diffuse luster, these characteristics all reflect its age identity.

"Imported green material is high iron and low manganese, fired blue and white, with rich color, black spots, flashing like lead in the black concentrated place, commonly known as' tin light 'or' iron rust spot '." Generally speaking, su Ma green material at high temperature to produce condensed spots, condensed spots and tin spots, can be said to be the root of tin spots.

Visible blue LanYan cui li, rich layers, color is politics and to the western seas, back to import Sue ma from green material fire, in line with the characteristics of jintong of blue and white, blue and white picture color shades, blue and white halo powder, picture extremely vivid and natural, no matter from any Angle to appreciate is a sensibility, blue and white porcelain is the best performance splash-ink landscape painting of China, it is the other porcelain can't do, So most Chinese wind of blue and white porcelain, most can reflect the best carrier of Chinese landscape painting art, China this word is the meaning of the Chinese is known to all, but the meaning of this word is the earliest porcelain, because the country is referred to as Chinese porcelain, is our country porcelain, the influence of art has become a foreign card, At that time, the most exported porcelain is blue and white porcelain. This blue and white porcelain is old when it opens the door, and its painting is exquisite. To sum up, it is a very rare collection, which is easy to get and hard to find.

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